On her book Living on Campus: An Architectural History of the American Dormitory
Cover Interview of September 11, 2019
A close-up
The black-and-white photograph shows a group of professional
women posing in front of a brand-new dormitory. The year is 1928. It is a cold
day. The women are bundled in fashionable cloth coats with fur collars. An
African American woman, fourth from the left, is especially proud, as she
deserves to be. A leader among educators in the US, Lucy Diggs Slowe, Dean of
Women at Howard University, has completed the successful construction of a
state-of-the-art quadrangle for women at one of America’s premier black colleges.
The photo was taken at their annual conference where almost all the attendees
were white. This remarkable image communicates one main theme of the book: that
the dormitory was inextricably linked to the professional role of student deans
and student deans were responsible for creating morally-centered citizens. The
particular residence hall was the site for making friends and
character-building, but it was much more. In the case of Howard, there was
acute pressure on the young women who lived in this building, because, as Slowe
explained to them, they represented not only Howard, but also their race and
gender, to judgmental neighbors.
Lucy Diggs Slowe, Dean of
Women at Howard University and a highly-regarded educator in the nascent field
of student affairs (front row, fourth from the left) standing outside of the
newly completed women’s dormitory with the national professional organization
of deans of women in February 1932. The fact that the organization chose to
stand with Slowe suggests the extent to which Howard was at the forefront of
all universities, not just historically black colleges. And the fact that the deans
of women posed in front of these state-of-the-art residence halls shows that
they equated their work with the safe housing of their charges. Scurlock Studio
Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian
Institution.
The end of chapter 2 takes the reader to the University of
Michigan in the 1910s and 1920s, where one patron, William W. Cook, hired the same architects
to design two residence halls, one for women and one for men. The plans
differed: the women’s dormitory was based on the doubled-loaded corridor plan and
the men’s dorm was a quadrangle with many entrances leading to staircases, with
rooms off the stairs. The porosity of the men’s dormitory was not suitable for
women. I was not the first person to notice this gender difference in planning
college dwellings, but the case at the University of Michigan is a kind of
natural experiment, since so many of the variables remain the same, but the
plans for men emphasize freedom of movement while the plans for women rely on
surveillance. The dormitories at the University of Michigan are carefully
crafted buildings that garnered much attention when they were new.
Postcard. Martha Cook Building, University
of Michigan, 1915. Architects, York and Sawyer. On the garden side of this
women’s dormitory, female students could use a generous terrace that stretched
along the side of the long, thin rectangular structure, which had its main
entrance on the street. Collection of the author.
The dominant premise in evolution and economics is that a person is being loyal to natural law if he or she attends to self’s interest and welfare before being concerned with the needs and demands of family or community. The public does not realize that this statement is not an established scientific principle but an ethical preference. Nonetheless, this belief has created a moral confusion among North Americans and Europeans because the evolution of our species was accompanied by the disposition to worry about kin and the collectives to which one belongs.Jerome Kagan, Interview of September 17, 2009
[T]he Holocaust transformed our whole way of thinking about war and heroism. War is no longer a proving ground for heroism in the same way it used to be. Instead, war now is something that we must avoid at all costs—because genocides often take place under the cover of war. We are no longer all potential soldiers (though we are that too), but we are all potential victims of the traumas war creates. This, at least, is one important development in the way Western populations envision war, even if it does not always predominate in the thinking of our political leaders.Carolyn J. Dean, Interview of February 01, 2011
A close-up
The black-and-white photograph shows a group of professional women posing in front of a brand-new dormitory. The year is 1928. It is a cold day. The women are bundled in fashionable cloth coats with fur collars. An African American woman, fourth from the left, is especially proud, as she deserves to be. A leader among educators in the US, Lucy Diggs Slowe, Dean of Women at Howard University, has completed the successful construction of a state-of-the-art quadrangle for women at one of America’s premier black colleges. The photo was taken at their annual conference where almost all the attendees were white. This remarkable image communicates one main theme of the book: that the dormitory was inextricably linked to the professional role of student deans and student deans were responsible for creating morally-centered citizens. The particular residence hall was the site for making friends and character-building, but it was much more. In the case of Howard, there was acute pressure on the young women who lived in this building, because, as Slowe explained to them, they represented not only Howard, but also their race and gender, to judgmental neighbors.
The end of chapter 2 takes the reader to the University of Michigan in the 1910s and 1920s, where one patron, William W. Cook, hired the same architects to design two residence halls, one for women and one for men. The plans differed: the women’s dormitory was based on the doubled-loaded corridor plan and the men’s dorm was a quadrangle with many entrances leading to staircases, with rooms off the stairs. The porosity of the men’s dormitory was not suitable for women. I was not the first person to notice this gender difference in planning college dwellings, but the case at the University of Michigan is a kind of natural experiment, since so many of the variables remain the same, but the plans for men emphasize freedom of movement while the plans for women rely on surveillance. The dormitories at the University of Michigan are carefully crafted buildings that garnered much attention when they were new.